TOTAL STATION, and GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS), A Brief Description.
TOTAL STATION
It is a combination of EDM devices and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessors, electronic data collectors and storage systems. This tool can be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as determine the distance traveled by an object to the device. Processes data collected to collect a microprocessor unit:
1. Average of multiple angles
2. Average of multiple distances
3. Horizontal distance
4. Distance between any two points
5. Height of the item and
6. Coordinate all three of the observed points.
Collected and processed data can be downloaded to the computer for further processing. The total station is a compact device and weighs 50 to 55 N. A person can easily take him to the field. Angle measuring and measuring ranges are available in the market for total stations with different accuracy.
The picture below shows a device developed by Japan's Sokkia Company Limited Tokyo.
Brief Description of Important Operations
Distance
Measurement:
An electronic distance measuring device (EDM) is an important part of the device's total station. It ranges from 2.8 km to 4.2 km. Measurement accuracy varies from 5mm to 10mm per kilometer. They are used automatically with target identifiers. The distance that is measured is always the distance from the device to the object.
Angle Measurements:
The electronic theodolite portion of the total station is used to measure the vertical and horizontal angles. For measuring horizontal angles, any simple direction can be taken as a reference direction. For vertical angle measurements, the vertical upward (zenith) direction is taken as the reference direction. Angle measurement accuracy varies from 2 to 6 seconds.
Data Processing:
This device is provided with a built-in microprocessor. The microprocessor on average multiple hits. With the help of measuring slope distances and vertical and horizontal angles, when the device and target axis height is provided, the microprocessor calculates horizontal distances and X, Y, Z coordinates. The processor is capable of applying temperature and pressure corrections to the measurement if environmental temperature and pressure are provided.
Display:
The electronic display unit is capable of displaying different values when the corresponding keys are pressed. The system is capable of displaying horizontal distances, vertical distances, horizontal and vertical angles, two observed point heights and three points of observed points.
The data for each point can be stored in an electronic notebook (such as a compact disc). Electronic notebooks range from 2000 points to 4000 points of data. Surveyors can download the data contained in the notebook in the computer and reuse the notebook.
Use of Total Station
The surveyor may choose a fine, coarse, single or repeated measurement mode. When the target is viewed, the sloping distances along the horizontal and vertical angles are measured, and by pressing the appropriate keys they are recorded with a point number.
The height of the device and the targets can be identified after measuring with tapes. The processor then calculates different information about the point and displays it on the screen. This information is also stored in electronic notebooks. At the end of the day or whenever the electronic notebook is full, the stored information is downloaded to the computer.
Point data downloaded to the computer can be used for further processing. There is club software with AutoCAD and AutoCAD, such as AutoSolve and AutoPlatter, which can be used to create shapes at any specific interval and for cross-section planning along any particular line. The Benefits of Using Total Stations Traditionally there are some important benefits of using a total station
Advantages of Using Total Station
There are some important benefits of using a total station on station traditional surveying equipment.
1. Fieldwork is done very quickly.
2. The measurement accuracy is high.
3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording were removed.
Coord. The coordinates of the coordinates are very fast and accurate. Even temperature and pressure corrections are automatic.
5. Computers can be used for mapping and plotting contours and cross-sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed over time.
However, the surveyor should check the working condition of the equipment before using it. These standard tips can be located near the survey office and fieldwork equipment is inspected before removing a device by looking at these standard points from a specific instrument station.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
The station points used in the survey should be identified before implementing a project: for this purpose surveyors use permanent objects as reference points and make reference points for station points. Navigators used to sun and stars as references. Sometimes when a so-called Permanent Object (such as a building corner) is picked up when project work is started, it may not exist. For ships, weather conditions can hinder observations.
Nowadays this problem can be solved by using a device called Global Positioning System (GPS). It was developed by the United States Department of Defense and is known as the Time and Color Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR) with the Navigational System or what is now known as GPS.
The US Air Force has 24 geostationary satellites around the Earth. These satellites are used as reference points to identify any point on Earth. These satellites are 20200 km above Earth. There are 24 satellites in the area that appear to have at least 4 satellites from anywhere on Earth.
The user only needs a GPS receiver. The receiver determines the travel time of the signals from the satellite and calculates the height of the station with respect to the selected data.
The advantages of
using GPS are:
1. It can be used during the day as well as at night.
the: Distribution of both stations on the ground is not required.
3. The time required to establish a position is very short.
4. The required workforce is low.
5. Accuracy is high. Extremely expensive GPS delivers accuracy within 10mm.
Uses of GPS
Very useful in GPS
1. Marine navigation
2. Aviation operated
3. Surveying the land.
4. Sports such as boats, hiking.
GPS. The sophistication of the GPS has improved so much that automobile drivers can easily get to their destination on the screen.
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